Subspecies
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No subspecies are recognized.
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Synonyms
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Cimex pabulinus Linnaeus, 1761
Lygus pabulinus (Linnaeus, 1761)
Lygocoris pabulinus (Linnaeus, 1761)
Cimex hortensis Mueller, 1776 (p. 109)
Type locality: not given but book title suggests "Dania et Norvegia".
Cimex nigrophthalmos Retzius, 1783
Cimex aerugineus De Fourcroy, 1785 (p. 208)
Cimex hortorum Gmelin, 1790 (p. 2194)
Lygus chloris Fieber, 1858
Lygus solani Curtis, 1860
Lygus flavovirens Fieber, 1861
Lygus chagnoni Stevenson, 1903
Lygus gemellus Distant, 1909
Lygus pabulinus signifer Reuter, 1909
Phytocoris scrophulariae Bliven, 1956
Lygocoris pabulinus vitellinus Reichling, 1990 (infrasubspecific)
Capsus affinis auct. nec Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835 (misidentification)
Note: Deraeocoris viridanus Motschulsky, 1863 is not a synonym of the
present species, contrary to some records in the literature.
Note: the valid genus name is disputed. See comments under Lygocoris minor.
The taxa hortensis, hortorum, and aerugineus are regarded as doubtful
names by some authors. However, I place them all here in the synonymy
because they all relate to Geoffroy´s (1762) "La punaise verte aux yeux
bruns". The taxonomic history is as follows: Geoffroy (1762) describes
in his non-binominal work a green bug species. On page 456 he describes
this species (as species number No. 43): "43. CIMEX oblongus, totus
viridis, oculis fuscis
La punaise verte aux yeux bruns.
Longueur 3 lignes [~ 6,8 mm]. Largeur 1 1/4 ligne [~ 2,8 mm].
La grandeur et la couleur de celle ci varient. Elle est quelquefois d'un
beau vert; d'autres fois, d'un vert plus sale. Ses yeux sont bruns plus
ou moins foncés. Sa tête et les bords, tant antérieurs que
postérieurs de son corcelet sont ou pâles ou jaunes. Tout le reste est
vert".
(Translation: "The size and color of this species vary. It is sometimes
of a beautiful green, sometimes of a more dirty green color. Its eyes
are brown, more or less dark. Its head and the edges of the anterior and
posterior thorax are pale or yellow. All other parts are green").
This description is usually taken to refer to the present species,
Lygocoris pabulinus, although Geoffroy (1762) does not refer to Linnaeus
(1761). In the following years a number of non-binominal and binominal
works refer to Geoffroy´s work. Mueller (1776) coined a binominal name
for Geoffroy´s species No. 43: "Cimex hortensis.
Cimex linearis viridis oculis fuscis; secundo antennarum articulo basi albo; tibiis pallidis. Geofr. ins. Cim. 43.".
The same did De Fourcroy (1785) who did not cite Mueller´s book, but
also coined a binominal name for Geoffroy´s species No. 43: "43. C.
aerugineus. La Punaise verte aux yeux bruns. Long. 3 lig. Larg. 1 1/4 lig. C. oblongus, totus viridis, oculis fuscis. Loc.".
Thus, both Cimex hortensis and Cimex aerugineus are specifically
binominal names for Geoffroy´s species No. 43, and if this species is
identical to Lygocoris pabulinus, then so are these two names.
Shortly after the publication of Geoffroy´s work, DeGeer (1773) also
published a book that contained non-binominal descriptions of insects.
In this book, DeGeer describes a green bug species (as species No. 31)
and specifically references to Geoffroy´s species No. 43. Thus, DeGeer
was obviously convinced that the green bug that he was writing about was
the same species as the "La punaise verte aux yeux bruns" by Geoffroy.
However, in his description he added some additional features to the
description that were not in Geoffroy´s book and that do not agree well
with Lygocoris pabulinus: "31. Punaise allongée verte à yeux noirs et à
longues antennes sétacées.
Cimex oblongus viridis, oculis nigris, antennis longis setaceis.
Cimex oblongus totus viridis, oculis fuscis. Geoffr. Ins. Tom. I. p. 456. n°. 43. La punaise verte aux yeux noirs.
Elles sont petites et de figure allongée. On les trouve sur les plantes
et entre autres sur les Orties; elles sont très-vives en courant et
elles s´envolent avec la même facilité.
Leur couleur est entirement d´un verd clair et jaunâtre, mais les yeux
sont noirs. Les antennes, qui surpassent presque tout le corps en
longueur, sont à filets coniques, d´un brun verdàtre et divisées en
quatre parties. Les étuis, qui sont plus longs que le ventre, sont pliés
en dessous vers le derriere, et leur partie membraneuse est
transparente. Les deux ailes ont les couleurs de l´opale.
(Translation: "They are small and of an elongated shape. They are found
on plants for example on nettles; they are running very quickly and they
fly with the same ease.
Their color is entirely of a clear, yellowish green, but the eyes are
black. The antennae, which are almost as long as the body, are thin and
taper towards the tip; they are greenish brown and are divided into four
parts. The forewings, which are longer than the abdomen, are folded
underneath to the back, and their membranous portion is transparent.
Both wings have a colorful iridescence.").
Thus, although DeGeer believed his species No. 31 to be identical with
Geoffroy´s species No. 43, he probably had a mixed concept of the
species, blending together several elongate, green species.
Finally, in 1790 Gmelin (1790)
gave a short account of a "Cimex
hortorum" that was obviously meant as a new and unneccessary replacement
name for Cimex hortensis (n.b. Gmelin had the strange habit of renaming
species previously named by other authors by using similar sounding
names). However, as a reference for his Cimex hortorum, Gmelin cites not
only Geoffroy and Mueller, but also DeGeer and thus obviously adopts
the "broadened" concept of DeGeer: "Cimex hortorum. C. viridis, oculis
fuscis, antennarum articulo secundo basi albo, tibiis pallidis. Müll.
zool. dan. prodr. p. 109. n. 1248.
Geoffr. ins. par. I. p. 456. n. 43.
Degeer ins. 3. p. 293. n. 31.
Habitat in Europae hortis; an forsan ad praecedentem tribum relegandus ob antennas?".
This has previously been taken as evidence that Gmelin´s Cimex hortorum
is not identical with Geoffroy´s species No. 43, Mueller´s Cimex
hortensis and De Fourcroy´s Cimex aerugineus. I do not adopt this notion
here, because Gmelin was obviously not aware that DeGeer´s species No.
31 was in fact a mixture of species, he was simply giving a new name to
the species Cimex hortensis so named by Mueller. The name is simply a
new replacement name taking the same type as the original taxon. The
fact that DeGeers´s species No. 31 is a mixture of several species is
irrelevant for nomenclature, because he did not coin a binominal name
for this taxon.
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Identification
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