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Nickel, H.: The leafhoppers and planthoppers of Germany (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha): patterns and strategies in a highly diverse group of phytophagous insects

Thesis University of Göttingen. 307 pp. (2002) [available as book from Pensoft Publishers, Sofia - Moscow. 460 pp. (2003)]

Book reviews:
Alma A., Mazzoglio P.J. 2004. Boll. Soc. entomol. Ital. 136: 179.
Badmin J. 2005. Brit. J. Entomol. Nat. Hist. 18: 288-289.
Bathon H. 2003. DGaaE-Nachrichten 17(4): 173-174.
Burckhardt D. 2003. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 76: 292.
Dmitriev D.A. 2006. Annls. Entomol. Soc. America 99(1): 187-188.
Emeljanov A.F. 2004. Russian Entomol. J. 13: 97-99. [pdf 55 KB]
Hamilton K.G.A. 2004. Biodiversity 5: 46-47.
Hoch H. 2003. Dtsch. entomol. Z. 50: 259-260.
Holzinger W.E. 2003. Beitr. Entomofaun. 4: 126.
Lauterer P. 2004. Eur. J. Entomol. 101: 272. [pdf 73 KB]
Schaefer M. 2004. Bas. Appl. Ecol. 5: 380-381. [pdf 39 KB]

Abstract and Contents












Abstract

This work presents an overview of the fauna of leafhoppers and planthoppers (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha et Cicadomorpha) of Germany and their life strategies, with special reference to insect - plant relationships. The data base included the available literature and the more important museum collections, as well as extensive own material. During 12 years of field work, approximately 30,000 species records were gathered, 8,600 of which could be referred to plant species. The number of determined individuals comprised 300,000 from more than 500 localities in most parts of Germany.

Part I (sections 1 to 4) gives a short description of the study area, material and methods and of literature on identification, and brief accounts on 620 species are presented (145 Fulgoromorpha and 475 Cicadomorpha), with information on life cycle, phenology, habitat requirements (with emphasis on moisture, sun-exposure and pH), host or food plants, frequency on the host, abundance, seasonal migrations as well as geographic and altitudinal distribution. If necessary, annotations are made on taxonomic and nomenclatural uncertainties and open questions. Dubious records are omitted or discussed. Information on recent changes, notably range expansions, declines, introductions and occasional influxes, is summarized. In part II (section 5), the Auchenorrhyncha guilds on plant families are described and discussed, with further discussion of responses to resource type and plant morphology. In part III (section 6), patterns of resource utilization are described and analyzed. Major points include differences between main plant clades and families, between different vegetation layers and different plant substrates. A short overview is given on pests on cultivated plants. Further, host specificity, dispersal and life cycles are summarized and discussed.



Contents

1   Introduction 1
2   Study area 3
 2.1   General remarks 3
 2.2   The north German plain 3
 2.3   The region of the Mittelgebirge 5
 2.4   The Alps, their foothills and foreland 7
3   Material and methods 9
 3.1   Literature data 9
 3.2   Museum collections 9
 3.3   Own data 12
 3.4   Sampling deficiencies 12
 3.5   Sampling methods 13
  3.5.1   General remarks 13
  3.5.2   Quantitative methods 14
  3.5.3   Semi-quantitative methods 15
  3.5.4   Qualitative methods 16
 3.6   Literature on identification 16
4   Review of species 20
 4.1   Fulgoromorpha Evans, 1946 - Planthoppers 22
  4.1.1   Cixiidae Spinola, 1839 22
  4.1.2   Delphacidae Leach, 1815 29
   4.1.2.1   Asiracinae Motschulsky, 1863 29
   4.1.2.2   Kelisiinae W. Wagner, 1963 30
   4.1.2.3   Stenocraninae W. Wagner, 1963 36
   4.1.2.4   Delphacinae Leach, 1815 38
  4.1.3   Achilidae Stål, 1866 64
  4.1.4   Dictyopharidae Spinola, 1839 65
  4.1.5   Tettigometridae Germar, 1821 65
  4.1.6   Issidae Spinola, 1839 69
   4.1.6.1   Caliscelinae Amyot & Serville, 1843 69
   4.1.6.2   Issinae Spinola, 1839 69
 4.2   Cicadomorpha Evans, 1946 - Leafhoppers (s.l.) 70
  4.2.1   Cicadidae Leach, 1815 (s.l.) - Cicadas 70
  4.2.2   Cercopidae Leach, 1815 - Froghoppers 72
   4.2.2.1   Cercopinae Leach, 1815 72
   4.2.2.2   Aphrophorinae Amyot & Serville, 1843 74
  4.2.3   Membracidae Rafinesque, 1815 - Treehoppers 78
  4.2.4   Cicadellidae Latreille, 1825 - Leafhoppers (s.str.) 80
   4.2.4.1   Ulopinae Le Peletier & Serville, 1825 80
   4.2.4.2   Megophthalminae Kirkaldy, 1906 81
   4.2.4.3   Ledrinae Kirschbaum, 1868 82
   4.2.4.4   Macropsinae Evans, 1935 82
   4.2.4.5   Agalliinae Kirkaldy, 1901 91
   4.2.4.6   Idiocerinae Baker, 1915 94
   4.2.4.7   Iassinae Amyot & Serville, 1843 101
   4.2.4.8   Penthimiinae Kirschbaum, 1868 103
   4.2.4.9   Dorycephalinae Oman, 1943 103
   4.2.4.10   Aphrodinae Haupt, 1927 103
   4.2.4.11   Cicadellinae Latreille, 1825 109
   4.2.4.12   Typhlocybinae Kirschbaum, 1868 111
   4.2.4.13   Deltocephalinae Fieber, 1869 163
 4.3   Dubious records 228
 4.4   Short-term changes 230
  4.4.1   Declines 230
  4.4.2   Range expansions 233
  4.4.3   Introductions 234
  4.4.4   Occasional influxes 235
 4.5   General remarks on the German Auchenorrhyncha fauna 235
5   Utilization of plant resources 237
 5.1   Plant taxa 237
  5.1.1   General remarks and problems 237
  5.1.2   Plant groups and their associated Auchenorrhyncha guilds 242
   5.1.2.1   Pteridophyta 242
   5.1.2.2   Gymnospermae 244
   5.1.2.3   Ranunculaceae 246
   5.1.2.4   Ulmaceae 246
   5.1.2.5   Urticaceae 248
   5.1.2.6   Fagaceae 250
   5.1.2.7   Betulaceae (incl. Corylaceae) 253
   5.1.2.8   Tiliaceae 257
   5.1.2.9   Salicaceae 258
   5.1.2.10   Ericaceae 262
   5.1.2.11   Rosaceae 264
   5.1.2.12   Fabaceae 273
   5.1.2.13   Aceraceae 275
   5.1.2.14   Apiaceae 276
   5.1.2.15   Lamiaceae 277
   5.1.2.16   Asteraceae 279
   5.1.2.17   Juncaceae 284
   5.1.2.18   Cyperaceae 284
   5.1.2.19   Poaceae 294
   5.1.2.20   Further plant groups 322
  5.1.3   Differences between plant taxa 329
   5.1.3.1   Major plant clades 329
   5.1.3.2   Plant families 331
 5.2   General conclusions on food plant choice 338
 5.3   Stratification and plant architecture 340
 5.4   Utilized substrates 344
  5.4.1   Phloem 345
  5.4.2   Xylem 345
  5.4.3   Mesophyll 348
  5.4.4   Fungi 349
 5.5   Pests on cultivated plants 350
6   Life strategies 352
 6.1   Host specificity and its possible causes 352
  6.1.1   Diet width in Auchenorrhyncha 352
  6.1.2   Plant apparency 355
  6.1.3   Plant diversity 357
  6.1.4   Plant defence 358
  6.1.5   Nitrogen 361
  6.1.6   Interspecific competition 361
  6.1.7   Resource predictability 365
  6.1.8   Neural constraints 365
  6.1.9   Regional monophagy 365
  6.1.10   Endophytic fungi 366
 6.2   Dispersal 366
  6.2.1   Wing length 366
  6.2.2   Migration 369
  6.2.3   Colonization 372
 6.3   Life cycle 374
  6.3.1   Voltinism 374
  6.3.2   Dormancy 377
7   Summary 381
8   References 385


  Appendix


430
   Index of Auchenorrhyncha genera and species 430
   Index and vernacular names of plants 442
   Acknowledgements 459




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Created by Herbert Nickel
Posted November 7th 2002
Last modified March 9th 2004